Category Archives: Historical Ciphers

Nick Redfern’s provocative and interesting Roswell book “Body Snatchers in the Desert” (2005) starts with a chapter outlining a conversation he had with a lady (born 1922): while working at Oak Ridge in 1947, she claimed to have seen the ‘aliens’ found at Roswell. However, she said, these were not extra-terrestrials, but were instead Chinese or Japanese people suffering from disabling genetic conditions (e.g. progeria) being used as US military test subjects.

It’s a great story, one that Redfern gamely grapples with throughout his book (and indeed its sequel): but did he actually manage to land any evidential punches linking Roswell to Oak Ridge? Is there any documentary evidence linking the two, even indirectly?

I decided to have a look in NARA…

“The Secret City of Oak Ridge”

The scientific history of Oak Ridge (“The City Behind The Fence”) began with the Manhattan Project, which carried out the research and engineering to build the first atomic bomb. This required the construction of three immense technical facilities:

• “K-25” was a gaseous diffusion plant (“covering a larger area than any structure ever built up to that time”, p.2) operated by 12,000 workers.
• “Y-12” separated Uranium-235 from Uranium-238, and had 22,000 workers.
• “X-10” was a graphite reactor plant, located roughly 10 miles from Y-12.

Founded in 1943, this huge complex was initially called Clinton Laboratories, but was renamed in 1948 to (the now much more familiar) Oak Ridge National Laboratories, by the site’s postwar owners, the Atomic Energy Commission. (AKA “the old A.E.C.” from Tom Lehrer’s “The Wild West Is Where I Want To Be”.)

With all that as background, we can fast-forward to the (2012) NARA document, “Atomic Energy Commission and the Secret City of Oak Ridge“. This lists some of the document sets relating to Oak Ridge in Record Group 326 (mostly at or just below the box level), and mainly covers the period 1943-1946.

The bulk of the records are in the 182 boxes contained in “Series 8505 Formerly Classified Correspondence Files” (ARC number 1518690), which (annoyingly) I haven’t yet found in NARA itself. 🙁 Do any of the descriptions suggest a link with Roswell? Certainly, it would be hard not to notice that Box 104 contains (though without explanation):

List of personnel with clearance, Roswell, New Mexico, 1947

Similarly, Box 130 implies that there was some sustained correspondence between Clinton Laboratories and the Navy’s BuAer (and I’d certainly like to know who was involved at both ends):

Bureau of aeronautics correspondence, 1943-46

The monthly reports in Box 142 might be useful in looking for possible biological / biophysical projects being run at Clinton:

Monthly reports from research division, 1945-47

My understanding is that Monsanto had employees working at Clinton, so it should be no surprise that Box 62 contains:

Technical reports for Monsanto, July 1946

The Archival Limits?

Most of the records listed in the “Secret City” document seem to run no further than 1946, with just a small handful running into 1947. Hence I suspect that the files documented in “Secret City” don’t fully reflect the overall range of Oak Ridge files: perhaps it only reflects the ones held at NARA Atlanta?

More broadly, there are plenty of other record sets in RG326 that could be looked at, such as medical test records: it would take a much deeper trawl to map out these archives in an even remotely satisfactory way. So this is as far as it goes for now… 🙁

Thanks to a response I received from Jason Atkinson at History Hub, I’ve managed to find Project Mogul R&D files at NARA – though these aren’t (yet) online, they do at least exist, which is a good starting point.

Oh, and I thought I’d include a quick log here of the other NARA files I’ve managed to find. Feel free to ignore this, it’s mainly for my own benefit. 😉

For Bureau of Aeronautics records (Record Group 72), I also found its LTA (Lighter-Than-Air) file (1916 – 1945), containing records that “were collected by a variety of individuals and organizations, including Charles P. Burgess, an expert in airship design within the Lighter Than Air Design Branch“. The downside is that it is “78 linear feet, 7 linear inches” long (comprising “63 Letter Archives Box, Standard; 70 Legal Archives Box, Standard; 2 Custom Box A1”).

I also found a file for “Balloons, Darex Sounding” – I was looking for this because David DeVorkin (p.286) mentions “the modified Dewey and Almy Darex J-2000 and Darex J-1100 balloon production samples”, which were being tested in 1947.

There’s also “Balloon Envelopes” in RG 342 (no additional information given, but it’s one of the R&D topics I’m specifically interested in).

Project Helios (which was run by NATEC at Lakehurst) has a list online of changes to project personnel from 3rd May 1947 to 2nd July 1947. This starts with Robert E. Bass, and then adds [name, id, rating]:

• BASTEDO Raymond W – 513 24 90 – AR1
• BLANCHARD Earl H – 206 25 96 – AERM1
• CLARK John E Jr – 250 56 41 – AR3
• COVELLA Robert L – 798 21 68 – AERM3
• EWING Jerry D – 224 77 19 – AERM3
• GLICKMAN William F – 238 80 71 – AR2
• HART Francis J – 201 62 62 AR3
• IAIN Sebastian (n) – 382 80 61 – AR1
• MAC MILLIAN Henry J – 224 49 51 – CAR
• WODZIENSKI Edward (n) – 202 56 04 – AMM1

All certified correct by W. A. Cockell, Capt, USN

Then 25 Aug 1947:

• CHAMBLISS Herbert – P26657599 – CETM
• BASS Robt E – 2742805 – CAERM

(Both moved to Ottumwa, Iowa)

Project Helios disestablished: Auth ChNavRes cer 12523 dated 23 May 1947 and suPers ltr.
Pers 21452-jah ser 16719 dated 25 June 1947.

Certified to be correct: W. A. Cockell, Capt. USN (11 Jul 1947)

There’s also this Project Helios record: A15-2 Project Helios SP Event. (I have no idea what this is, alas).

As far as Fort Dix goes, I found some files in RG 342 (though I don’t hold out a lot of hope for these):

• Fort Dix – Materiel Command Test Station
• 686 Fort Dix – 1 January 1947 to
  • (686 = Army air bases and aviation fields)
• 600.1 Fort Dix – 1 January 1947 to
  • (600.1 = “Building and grounds — Construction and installation”?)
• Fort Dix Army Air Base
• 333 Fort Dix – 1 January 1947 to 31 Dec 47
  • (333 = Inspections and investigations by inspectors general and other officers, and reports.)

Even though I’ve covered Project Helios’ fall to Earth [sorry!] in previous posts (much supported by David DeVorkin’s detailed account in “Race to the Stratosphere”), because of its close links to Project Mogul there are also external mentions of Helios in (for example) Albert Crary’s journal.

Recapping: even though Project Helios’ maiden manned balloon flight to the stratosphere was planned for the 21st June 1947 (the summer solstice), the overall administration of the project collapsed during the Spring, before finally being canned in May 1947. Part of the challenge was that Helios was intended to be a military-scientific platform, and the collaborating groups (who hoped to run their experiments on Helios) all had different practical needs and political priorities.

In this post, I’ll try to look at Project Helios through a Project Mogul lens (if that makes sense).

Project Mogul

Project Mogul, a top secret Army-funded project to put devices high up in the atmosphere to listen for the sound of Russian atomic tests, was one of these collaborating parties: and, as of February 1947, was still expecting Helios to run. And so we see Crary’s journal entry for 4-5-6 Feb 1947 in Oakhurst:

Went over possible experiments in ‘Helios’ balloon June with [Dr Jim] Peoples.

The NYU team’s “Technical Report No. 1” (Appendix 13 in the Roswell Report) mentions that Project Mogul moved from serial balloon linkage (which gave balloon chains taller than the Seattle Space Needle) to the Project Helios parallel cluster (introduced by Jean Piccard, though not actually invented by him):

Figures 31 and 36 show the two methods used to group the balloons in clusters. Figure 31 shows the linear array borrowed from cosmic ray flight techniques; figure 36 shows the modified “Helios Cluster” in which lines from the balloons are joined at a central ring at the top of the load line.

The Helios cluster was by far the easier to handle because of the simpler rigging and the reduced launching strains.

Figure 36 shows the Helios cluster arrangement the Mogul team introduced with Flight #7 (2nd July 1947) (note that I’ve only included the topmost section of the payload):

Here you can see two Helios clusters, with the top (“lifter assembly”) 4-balloon cluster separated from the main 16-balloon cluster. When the balloon reached a specified height (35,000 feet), a switch in the separator would blow a small charge, splitting the lifter balloons off from the main body. Using small charges to release balloons within a cluster was one of Jean Piccard’s innovations – initially, this horrified other balloonists, but many changed their minds once they saw it working successfully for Piccard.

Lt. Harris F. Smith USNR

It seems hugely likely to me that the person who introduced the Helios cluster mechanism to the NYU Project Mogul team was Lt. Harris F. Smith USNR, of NAS Lakehurst, NJ. A Princeton graduate and very skilled free balloonist (according to J. Gordon Vaeth, “They Sailed the Skies”, Epilogue), Smith had been working for Tex Settle on Project Helios at General Mills in Minnesota, and then in the May 1947 reorganisation had been made Scientific Coordinator by Capt Hutchinson (“The Navy still wished to perform missile drops from unmanned clusters, so to this end – and only because of this end – Helios remained an active project” – DeVorkin, p.286).

It therefore seems hugely likely to me that the “Lt Smith NYU” mentioned in Crary’s journal as arriving in Alamogordo for Project Mogul’s “Alamogordo II” balloon expedition phase was indeed Lt. Harris F. Smith.

I also found evidence that at least one unmanned missile drop from Helios clusters was carried out in September 1947 (from an interview with George Hoover).

The C-54 Flights

According to Capt. Albert Trakowski, the Project Mogul team had access to a Douglas C-54 Skymaster in Fort Dix, New Jersey: this was not too far from where most of the (NYU) project team was based.

Hence it seems likely to me that Smith travelled down with the rest of the Mogul team on 28th June 1947 on the team’s allocated C-54 (their research was funded by the US Army).

We also know (from various interviews with Charles Moore) that the Alamogordo II phase closed with 23 members of the team flying back to New Jersey on the 8th July 1947. For example, in this interview with Moore in the Skeptical Inquirer Vol. 19 No. 4 (Jul / Aug 1995), the writer notes:

“Several UFO authors claim that the wreckage, and possibly alien bodies as well, were secretly flown to Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio for analysis. By coincidence, Moore says he and the rest of the NYU balloon crew stayed over at Wright Field the evening of July 8, 1947, en route back to New Jersey, just as the Roswell story was breaking. Moore says they first learned of the incident while in Dayton, and figured that it was probably caused by one of their recent polyethylene balloon flights.”

I really wish I had access to the passenger manifests for these C-54 flights, particularly the 28th June 1947 flight. However, given the US Army’s record retention policies, it seems – unless you know better? – highly unlikely that these passenger manifests survived even ten years.

Where next?

As always, a perfectly reasonable question is now: where should I be looking next? In the same way that Project Helios was funded by the US Navy’s Office for Naval Research (ONR), Project Mogul was funded by the US Army’s Air Materiel Command (AMC). AMC was formed in 9th March 1946 out of various predecessor commands (e.g. AAF Technical Service Command (ATSC), 1st July 1945), and was largely run out of Wright Field (Dayton, Ohio).

The specific part of AMC associated with Project Mogul was the Engineering Division: and indeed the archives do have records produced by the AMC’s Engineering Division (342.3 “Records of the Engineering Division and its Predecessors, 1916-1951”), made up of three major series:

• Central decimal correspondence, 1916-49 (1,774 ft.).
• Research and development project contract files, 1921-51 (3,438 ft.).
• Microfilm copy of research and development technical reports, 1928-51 (400 rolls)

However, for Project Mogul’s constant-level balloon R&D we already know the contract number (W28-099-ac-241), as well as its Technical Report #1 (which amply covers the time period we’re interested in). So unless there’s something unexpected in “Central decimal correspondence, 1916-1949”, I’m not hugely optimistic that there will be anything useful in these Air Force files.

Note that there is some Project Mogul archival film footage relating to inflating balloons at Roswell in 1947, which is part of a series of 16 archival films relating to Roswell, though none of this is available online. There are also 18 archival sound recordings relating to Roswell there across 22 cassettes (which are also unavailable online). I’m not sure if these are on Spotify yet (but maybe they will be soon).

Given the close links between Project Helios (US Navy stratospheric balloon platform for scientific experiments) and Project Mogul (US Army long-duration high-altitude sound monitoring experiments), I wanted a list of all the Project Mogul people in Alamogordo in June-July 1947, but didn’t have one.

So here’s my first attempt at drawing one up. It’s not complete, but it’s a decent enough starting point.

Crary’s Log

Albert Paddock Crary (1911-1987) was a pioneering geophysicist and glaciologist, and also the Field Operations Director of Project Mogul. His Mogul field log was later used (somewhat dubiously, if you ask me) to try to explain away the Roswell Incident as simply a lost Mogul balloon (when it plainly wasn’t).

Usefully for us, Crary’s log lists who arrived at Alamogordo on 28th June 1947, the starting day of “Alamogordo II” (i.e. the second phase of the expedition, which finished on 8th July 1947):

Balloon expedition personnel arrived Saturday evening – Peoples, Trakowski, Mears, Ireland, Olsen, Moulton, Alden from AMS and Moore, Schneider, Hackman, Smith, Hazzard, 2 others and a Lt Smith from Navy NYU.

Interestingly, even though B. D. (“Bruce”) Gildenburg – who wrote the scathing (if somewhat scattershot) 2003 takedown “A Requiem to Roswell” in Skeptic magazine – worked on Project Mogul (and later ran Holloman AFB’s balloon recovery section for many years), I believe he was not actually at Alamogordo in June-July 1947.

Staff in Alamogordo

Though his report’s overall findings didn’t make a lot of sense to me, James McAndrew’s Synopsis of Balloon Research Findings did actually try to summarize Project Mogul’s technical reports fairly well.

For example, it notes that “three of Crary’s staff […] resided permanently in Alamogordo”:

• Don Reynolds
• Sol Olivia
• Bill Edmonson (“Edmondson”? “Edmondston”?)

But there was also Vivian and Eileen, that Crary was working very closely with. Was “Vivian” Vivian Bushnell? Was “Eileen” Eileen Ulrich Farnochi?

AMS People

• Dr James W. (“Jim”) Peoples, the “Primary Scientist”
• Capt. Albert C. Trakowski (“Chief” of the project from January 1947 to May 1949)
• A. H. Mears
• Charles (“Charlie”) Ireland
• (Joseph?) Olsen
• Moulton
• John Alden

NYU People

McAndrew’s Appendix 16 includes a copy of the NYU team’s “Special Report #1”, which gives more details of the NYU project personnel’s names (as mentioned by Crary) and roles:

• Charles B. Moore – Research Engineer
• Charles S. Schneider – Asst. Proj. Director
• Murry Hackman – in charge of the Electronic Weather Equipment
• James Smith – Weather Observer and Draftsman
  • Is this “J. Richard Smith”, the full-time Meteorologist hired in May 1947? [Appendix 15]
• Richard Hassard – Chief of Flight Detail
• “2 others”
  • Possibly Henry Kammenzind, Ralph Morrell, William Kneer [Appendix 16]
  • Possibly William O. Davis, Fred Barker [Appendix 15]